Borelioza może być przenoszona droga plciowa.
Sposoby zakażenia się boreliozą
Wg wielu publikacji, poza ukłuciem kleszcza, możliwe są jeszcze następujące drogi zakażenia:
http://lymepoland.com/pliki/poradnik-pacjenta.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------
https://f1000research.com/articles/3-309/v1
---------------------------------------------------------
Background:
Recent reports indicate that more than 300,000 cases of Lyme disease are diagnosed yearly in the USA. Preliminary clinical, epidemiological and immunological studies suggest that infection with the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) could be transferred from person to person via intimate human contact without a tick vector. Failure to detect viable Borrelia spirochetes in vaginal and seminal secretions would argue against this hypothesis.
Methods: Patients with and without a history of Lyme disease were selected for the study after informed consent was obtained. Serological testing for Bb was performed on all subjects. Semen or vaginal secretions were inoculated into BSK-H medium and cultured for four weeks. Examination of genital cultures and culture concentrates for the presence of spirochetes was performed using light and darkfield microscopy, and spirochete concentrates were subjected to Dieterle silver staining, anti-Bb immunohistochemical staining, molecular hybridization and PCR analysis for further characterization. Immunohistochemical and molecular testing was performed in three independent laboratories in a blinded fashion. Positive and negative controls were included in all experiments.
Results: Control subjects who were asymptomatic and seronegative for Bb had no detectable spirochetes in genital secretions by PCR analysis. In contrast, spirochetes were observed in cultures of genital secretions from 11 of 13 subjects diagnosed with Lyme disease, and motile spirochetes were detected in genital culture concentrates from 12 of 13 Lyme disease patients using light and darkfield microscopy. Morphological features of spirochetes were confirmed by Dieterle silver staining and immunohistochemical staining of culture concentrates. Molecular hybridization and PCR testing confirmed that the spirochetes isolated from semen and vaginal secretions were strains of Borrelia, and all cultures were negative for treponemal spirochetes. PCR sequencing of cultured spirochetes from three couples having unprotected sex indicated that two couples had identical strains of Bb sensu stricto in their semen and vaginal secretions, while the third couple had identical strains of B. hermsii detected in their genital secretions.
Conclusions: The culture of viable Borrelia spirochetes in genital secretions suggests that Lyme disease could be transmitted by intimate contact from person to person. Further studies are needed to evaluate this hypothesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28690828
--------------------------------------------------------
This study provides the first molecular microbiologic evidence that B. vinsoniii subsp. berkhoffii and B. henselae can be transmitted to children in utero or during cesarean section. Due to the availability of stored paraffin-embedded tissues from the mother, we were able to confirm infection with B. henselae in the mother 10 years before in utero or perinatal transmission of these bacteria to her children. Unfortunately, it was not possible to determine if B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii was transmitted horizontally between the parents after marriage or whether each parent independently acquired their infections through animal or vector contact.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2884525/
----------------------------------------------------------
“The presence of live spirochetes in genital secretions and identical strains in sexually active couples strongly suggests that sexual transmission of Lyme disease occurs,” said Dr. Mayne, who recently published the first comprehensive study of Lyme disease in Australia. “We need to do more research to determine the risk of sexual transmission of this syphilis-like organism.”
http://norvect.no/expanded-study-confirms-that-lyme-disease-may-be-sexually-transmitted/
---------------------------------------------------------
Recent study suggests that Lyme disease can be sexually transmitted
In the study, researchers tested semen samples and vaginal secretions from three groups of patients: control subjects without evidence of Lyme disease, random subjects who tested positive for Lyme disease, and married heterosexual couples engaging in unprotected sex who tested positive for the disease.
As expected, all of the control subjects tested negative for Borrelia burgdorferi in semen samples or vaginal secretions. In contrast, all women with Lyme disease tested positive for Borrelia burgdorferi in vaginal secretions, while about half of the men with Lyme disease tested positive for the Lyme spirochete in semen samples. Furthermore, one of the heterosexual couples with Lyme disease showed identical strains of the Lyme spirochete in their genital secretions.
https://www.lymedisease.org/lyme-sexual-transmission-2/
-----------------------------------------------------------
The study (headed by microbiologist Marianne Middelveen and an international team of medical researchers) is the first to officially investigate sexual transmission between partners. However, it has been suggested for over a decade that Lyme disease could transmit sexually. The bacteria that causes Lyme is a type of spirochete which is related to the same cork-screw shaped bacteria of syphilis
-------------------------------------
In this article, Melissa White interviews Lyme literate doctors who have recommended patients to use condoms to prevent transmission. She also reached out to people living with Lyme who believe they have transmitted the infection to their sex partner and who wish that their doctors informed them earlier about this possible risk.
-------------------------------------
inform my patients that it is possible Lyme disease could be sexually transmitted as the bacteria has been found in sexual fluids. But I inform them that proving transmission has not been done, possibly because it is not sexually transmitted or possibly because those studies are expensive, controversial or/and we do not have an agreed upon test that confirms active Lyme.
---------------------------------------
Joanne, who travels to Belgium from the Netherlands to see her doctor, strongly feels she transmitted the infection to her partner and expressed relief that her doctor informed her about this mode of transmission:
http://safersex.education/can-lyme-disease-be-sexually-transmitted/
-----------------------------------------
http://www.livingwithlyme.com/images/Lyme_Disease_The_Unknown_Epidemic.pdf
---------------------------------------
If Lyme disease is sexually transmitted, what are the implications for the general population? An editorial published online on August 21, 2015, in the prominent infectious disease journal Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy explores what happens if Lyme disease morphs from a tickborne illness into a sexually transmitted disease (http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1586/14787210.2015.1081056).
The editorial was written by two members of the International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society (ILADS), San Francisco internist Raphael B. Stricker, MD, and Canadian microbiologist Marianne J. Middelveen, Mdes. The article reviews the evidence from animal models and human studies of possible sexual transmission of Lyme disease, including a study published in December 2014 that convincingly showed the presence of the Lyme spirochete in semen and vaginal secretions from Lyme disease patients (
http://f1000research.com/articles/3-309/v3 .
The authors point out that contact and/or sexual transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi was demonstrated in mouse and dog models more than 25 years ago. Around the same time, sexual transmission of the Lyme spirochete was demonstrated by Russian researchers in ticks that transmit the disease to humans. Those studies have never been repeated.
http://www.prohealth.com/library/showarticle.cfm?libid=21170
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.collective-evolution.com/2015/04/16/lyme-disease-the-cdcs-greatest-coverup-what-they-dont-want-you-to-know/
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract
Lyme disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi has become a major worldwide epidemic. In this article, we explore the clinical, epidemiological and experimental evidence for sexual transmission of Lyme disease in animal models and humans. Although the likelihood of sexual transmission of the Lyme spirochete remains speculative, the possibility of Lyme disease transmission via intimate human contact merits further study
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26489537
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A new study suggests that Lyme disease may be sexually transmitted. The study was presented at the annual Western Regional Meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research, and an abstract of the research was published in the January issue of the Journal of Investigative Medicine.
Reference: http://journals.lww.com/jinvestigativemed/Citation/2014/01000/Western_Regional_Meeting_Abstracts.18.aspx
The Journal of Investigative Medicine 2014;62:280-281
Presented at the Western Regional Meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research, Carmel, CA, January 25, 2014.
http://afmr.org/Western/
Additional information: officemanager(at)usmamed(dot)com
----------------------------------------------------------------
Sposoby zakażenia się boreliozą
Wg wielu publikacji, poza ukłuciem kleszcza, możliwe są jeszcze następujące drogi zakażenia:
-seksualna
-wrodzona
czyli z matki na poczęte dziecko
-drogą
transfuzji
-poprzez
karmienie piersią
Naukowcy
nie są jednak zgodni, czy są to pewne drogi szerzenia się
boreliozy. I tak np. krętki boreliozy znajdowano w spermie czy
pępowinie
dr.Kurkiewicz
http://lymepoland.com/pliki/poradnik-pacjenta.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------
Osoby kontrolne, bezobjawowe i seronegatywne w kierunku Bb nie miały wykrywalnych krętków w wydzielinie narządów płciowych za pomocą analizy PCR.
W przeciwieństwie do tego krętki znaleziono w płynach wydalniczych z narządów płciowych u 11 z 13 pacjentów u ktorych zostala rozpoznana borelioza , a ruchliwe krętki wykryto w koncentratach kulturowych z narządów płciowych u 12 z 13 pacjentów z boreliozą. Zastosowano metodę mikroskopii świetlnej i ciemnego pola.
Cechy morfologiczne krętków potwierdzono przez barwienie srebrem Dieterle i barwienie immunohistochemiczne koncentratów kulturowych. Hybrydyzacja molekularna i testy PCR potwierdziły, że krętki wyizolowane z nasienia i wydzieliny pochwowej były szczepami Borrelia , a wszystkie hodowle były negatywne dla treponemal spirochetes .
Sekwencjonowanie przez PCR wyhodowlanych krętków pobranych od trzech par współżyjących bez zabezpieczenia wykazało, że dwie pary miały identyczne szczepy Bb sensu stricto w swoim nasieniu i wydzielinach pochwowych, podczas gdy trzecia para miała identyczne szczepy B. hermsii wykryte w ich wydzielinach narządów płciowych.
Wnioski: Kultura żywotnych krętków krętków Borrelia w wydzielinach narządów płciowych sugeruje, że borelioza może być przenoszona przez intymny kontakt od osoby do osoby.
W przeciwieństwie do tego krętki znaleziono w płynach wydalniczych z narządów płciowych u 11 z 13 pacjentów u ktorych zostala rozpoznana borelioza , a ruchliwe krętki wykryto w koncentratach kulturowych z narządów płciowych u 12 z 13 pacjentów z boreliozą. Zastosowano metodę mikroskopii świetlnej i ciemnego pola.
Cechy morfologiczne krętków potwierdzono przez barwienie srebrem Dieterle i barwienie immunohistochemiczne koncentratów kulturowych. Hybrydyzacja molekularna i testy PCR potwierdziły, że krętki wyizolowane z nasienia i wydzieliny pochwowej były szczepami Borrelia , a wszystkie hodowle były negatywne dla treponemal spirochetes .
Sekwencjonowanie przez PCR wyhodowlanych krętków pobranych od trzech par współżyjących bez zabezpieczenia wykazało, że dwie pary miały identyczne szczepy Bb sensu stricto w swoim nasieniu i wydzielinach pochwowych, podczas gdy trzecia para miała identyczne szczepy B. hermsii wykryte w ich wydzielinach narządów płciowych.
Wnioski: Kultura żywotnych krętków krętków Borrelia w wydzielinach narządów płciowych sugeruje, że borelioza może być przenoszona przez intymny kontakt od osoby do osoby.
https://f1000research.com/articles/3-309/v1
---------------------------------------------------------
Background:
Recent reports indicate that more than 300,000 cases of Lyme disease are diagnosed yearly in the USA. Preliminary clinical, epidemiological and immunological studies suggest that infection with the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) could be transferred from person to person via intimate human contact without a tick vector. Failure to detect viable Borrelia spirochetes in vaginal and seminal secretions would argue against this hypothesis.
Methods: Patients with and without a history of Lyme disease were selected for the study after informed consent was obtained. Serological testing for Bb was performed on all subjects. Semen or vaginal secretions were inoculated into BSK-H medium and cultured for four weeks. Examination of genital cultures and culture concentrates for the presence of spirochetes was performed using light and darkfield microscopy, and spirochete concentrates were subjected to Dieterle silver staining, anti-Bb immunohistochemical staining, molecular hybridization and PCR analysis for further characterization. Immunohistochemical and molecular testing was performed in three independent laboratories in a blinded fashion. Positive and negative controls were included in all experiments.
Results: Control subjects who were asymptomatic and seronegative for Bb had no detectable spirochetes in genital secretions by PCR analysis. In contrast, spirochetes were observed in cultures of genital secretions from 11 of 13 subjects diagnosed with Lyme disease, and motile spirochetes were detected in genital culture concentrates from 12 of 13 Lyme disease patients using light and darkfield microscopy. Morphological features of spirochetes were confirmed by Dieterle silver staining and immunohistochemical staining of culture concentrates. Molecular hybridization and PCR testing confirmed that the spirochetes isolated from semen and vaginal secretions were strains of Borrelia, and all cultures were negative for treponemal spirochetes. PCR sequencing of cultured spirochetes from three couples having unprotected sex indicated that two couples had identical strains of Bb sensu stricto in their semen and vaginal secretions, while the third couple had identical strains of B. hermsii detected in their genital secretions.
Conclusions: The culture of viable Borrelia spirochetes in genital secretions suggests that Lyme disease could be transmitted by intimate contact from person to person. Further studies are needed to evaluate this hypothesis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28690828
--------------------------------------------------------
This study provides the first molecular microbiologic evidence that B. vinsoniii subsp. berkhoffii and B. henselae can be transmitted to children in utero or during cesarean section. Due to the availability of stored paraffin-embedded tissues from the mother, we were able to confirm infection with B. henselae in the mother 10 years before in utero or perinatal transmission of these bacteria to her children. Unfortunately, it was not possible to determine if B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii was transmitted horizontally between the parents after marriage or whether each parent independently acquired their infections through animal or vector contact.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2884525/
----------------------------------------------------------
“The presence of live spirochetes in genital secretions and identical strains in sexually active couples strongly suggests that sexual transmission of Lyme disease occurs,” said Dr. Mayne, who recently published the first comprehensive study of Lyme disease in Australia. “We need to do more research to determine the risk of sexual transmission of this syphilis-like organism.”
http://norvect.no/expanded-study-confirms-that-lyme-disease-may-be-sexually-transmitted/
---------------------------------------------------------
Recent study suggests that Lyme disease can be sexually transmitted
In the study, researchers tested semen samples and vaginal secretions from three groups of patients: control subjects without evidence of Lyme disease, random subjects who tested positive for Lyme disease, and married heterosexual couples engaging in unprotected sex who tested positive for the disease.
As expected, all of the control subjects tested negative for Borrelia burgdorferi in semen samples or vaginal secretions. In contrast, all women with Lyme disease tested positive for Borrelia burgdorferi in vaginal secretions, while about half of the men with Lyme disease tested positive for the Lyme spirochete in semen samples. Furthermore, one of the heterosexual couples with Lyme disease showed identical strains of the Lyme spirochete in their genital secretions.
https://www.lymedisease.org/lyme-sexual-transmission-2/
-----------------------------------------------------------
http://www.onlineprnews.com/news/454866-1390261507-lyme-disease-may-be-sexually-transmitted-study-suggests.html
Lyme
disease can be transmitted sexually
---------------------------------------------------------------
http://whatislyme.com/recovery-of-lyme-spirochetes-by-pcr-in-semen-samples-of-previously-diagnosed-lyme-disease-patients/
Lyme
spirochetes recovered in semen of Lyme positive patients
------------------------------------------------------------------
The presence
of the Lyme spirochete in genital secretions and identical strains in
married couples strongly suggests that
sexual transmission of the disease occurs
------------------------------------------------------------------
Lyme
transmitted through sexual contact and from mother to child congenitally
----------------------------------------------------------------
Laboratory
studies confirm
the existence of Lyme spirochetes in semen/vaginal secretions.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Video
newscast Lyme can be
sexually transmitted
--------------------------------------------------------------------The study (headed by microbiologist Marianne Middelveen and an international team of medical researchers) is the first to officially investigate sexual transmission between partners. However, it has been suggested for over a decade that Lyme disease could transmit sexually. The bacteria that causes Lyme is a type of spirochete which is related to the same cork-screw shaped bacteria of syphilis
-------------------------------------
In this article, Melissa White interviews Lyme literate doctors who have recommended patients to use condoms to prevent transmission. She also reached out to people living with Lyme who believe they have transmitted the infection to their sex partner and who wish that their doctors informed them earlier about this possible risk.
-------------------------------------
inform my patients that it is possible Lyme disease could be sexually transmitted as the bacteria has been found in sexual fluids. But I inform them that proving transmission has not been done, possibly because it is not sexually transmitted or possibly because those studies are expensive, controversial or/and we do not have an agreed upon test that confirms active Lyme.
---------------------------------------
Joanne, who travels to Belgium from the Netherlands to see her doctor, strongly feels she transmitted the infection to her partner and expressed relief that her doctor informed her about this mode of transmission:
I am personally really glad my doctor said it is likely to be an STD. Because of this I had my boyfriend tested right away when I found out I had Lyme. He’s now also receiving treatment and is recovering much faster. With Lyme, the earlier you discover it, the better your chances of recovery, so no, I wouldn’t wait.
http://safersex.education/can-lyme-disease-be-sexually-transmitted/
-----------------------------------------
http://www.livingwithlyme.com/images/Lyme_Disease_The_Unknown_Epidemic.pdf
---------------------------------------
If Lyme disease is sexually transmitted, what are the implications for the general population? An editorial published online on August 21, 2015, in the prominent infectious disease journal Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy explores what happens if Lyme disease morphs from a tickborne illness into a sexually transmitted disease (http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1586/14787210.2015.1081056).
The editorial was written by two members of the International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society (ILADS), San Francisco internist Raphael B. Stricker, MD, and Canadian microbiologist Marianne J. Middelveen, Mdes. The article reviews the evidence from animal models and human studies of possible sexual transmission of Lyme disease, including a study published in December 2014 that convincingly showed the presence of the Lyme spirochete in semen and vaginal secretions from Lyme disease patients (
http://f1000research.com/articles/3-309/v3 .
The authors point out that contact and/or sexual transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi was demonstrated in mouse and dog models more than 25 years ago. Around the same time, sexual transmission of the Lyme spirochete was demonstrated by Russian researchers in ticks that transmit the disease to humans. Those studies have never been repeated.
http://www.prohealth.com/library/showarticle.cfm?libid=21170
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The study — presented at the annual
Western Regional Meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research — a collaborative effort by an international team of scientists — tested semen samples and vaginal secretions of three groups of patients to investigate whether passing Lyme disease to a partner through unprotected sex is a possibility. The study observed control subjects without evidence of Lyme disease, random subjects who tested positive for Lyme disease, and married heterosexual couples engaging in unprotected sex who tested positive for the disease. The presence of B. burgdorferi and identical strains of the bacterium were of particular interest to the researchers in unprotected sex in spouses.
Western Regional Meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research — a collaborative effort by an international team of scientists — tested semen samples and vaginal secretions of three groups of patients to investigate whether passing Lyme disease to a partner through unprotected sex is a possibility. The study observed control subjects without evidence of Lyme disease, random subjects who tested positive for Lyme disease, and married heterosexual couples engaging in unprotected sex who tested positive for the disease. The presence of B. burgdorferi and identical strains of the bacterium were of particular interest to the researchers in unprotected sex in spouses.
The control subjects were found to test negative for the bacterium in semen samples or vaginal secretions, as expected by the researchers. The researchers found traces of B. burgdorferi in the vaginal secretions of all women with Lyme disease. In contrast, approximately half of the men with the disease tested positive for the bacterium in semen samples. In addition, one of the heterosexual couples with Lyme disease were found to have identical strains of the bacterium in their genital secretions
http://www.collective-evolution.com/2015/04/16/lyme-disease-the-cdcs-greatest-coverup-what-they-dont-want-you-to-know/
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract
Lyme disease is a tickborne infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a type of corkscrew-shaped bacteria known as a spirochete (pronounced spiro’keet). The Lyme spirochete resembles the agent of syphilis, long recognized as the epitome of sexually transmitted diseases. Last summer the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that Lyme disease is much more common than previously thought, with over 300,000 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States. That makes Lyme disease almost twice as common as breast cancer and six times more common than HIV/AIDS.
“Our findings will change the way Lyme disease is viewed by doctors and patients,” said Marianne Middelveen, lead author of the study presented in Carmel. “It explains why the disease is more common than one would think if only ticks were involved in transmission.”
Reference: http://journals.lww.com/jinvestigativemed/Citation/2014/01000/Western_Regional_Meeting_Abstracts.18.aspx
The Journal of Investigative Medicine 2014;62:280-281
Presented at the Western Regional Meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research, Carmel, CA, January 25, 2014.
http://afmr.org/Western/
Additional information: officemanager(at)usmamed(dot)com
----------------------------------------------------------------
Congenital/Sexual Transmission of Lyme/TBD
1. Alekseev AN, Dubinina HV. Exchange of Borrelia burgdorferi between Ixodes...
persulcatus (Ixodidae: Acarina) sexual partners. J Med Entomol. 1996;33(3):351–354.
2. Carlomagno G, Luksa V, Candussi G, et al. Lyme Borrelia positive serology associated
with spontaneous abortion in an endemic Italian area. Acta Eur Fertil 1988;19(5), 279-81.
3. Burgess EC, Amundson TE, Davis JP, et al.: Experimental inoculation of Peromyscus
spp. with Borrelia burgdorferi: evidence of contact transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg.
1986; 35(2): 355–9.
4. Gardner T. Lyme disease. In JS Remington and JO Klein (eds.), Infectious Diseases of
the Fetus and New Born Infant. WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. 2001, pp. 519-641.
5. Harvey WT, Salvato P. ‘Lyme disease’: ancient engine of an unrecognized borreliosis
pandemic? Med Hypotheses. 2003;60(5):742-59.
6. Hercogova J, Vanousova D. Syphilis and borreliosis during pregnancy. Dermatol Ther
2008;21(3), 205-9.
7. Jasik KP, Okła H, Słodki J, Rozwadowska B, Słodki A, Rupik W. Congenital tick-borne
diseases: Is this an alternative route of transmission of tick-borne pathogens in mammals?
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015 Nov;15(11):637-44.
8. Kumi-Diaka J, Harris O. Viability of Borrelia burgdorferi in stored semen. Br Vet J. 1995
Mar-Apr;151(2):221-4.
9. Lakos A, Solymosi N. Maternal Lyme borreliosis and pregnancy outcome. Int J Infect
Dis 2010;14(6): e494-8.
10. Lavoie PE, Lattner BP, Duray PH, Barbour AG, Johnson HC. Culture positive
seronegative transplacental Lyme borreliosis infant mortality. Arthritis Rheum. 1987; 30
No 4, 3(Suppl):S50.
11. MacDonald AB. Gestational Lyme borreliosis. Implications for the fetus. Rheum Dis
Clin North Am. 1989 Nov;15(4):657-77.
12. MacDonald AB. Human fetal borreliosis, toxemia of pregnancy, and fetal death.
Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1986 Dec;263(1- 2):189-200.
13. MacDonald AB, Benach JL, Burgdorfer W. Stillbirth following maternal Lyme disease.
N Y State J Med. 1987 Nov;87(11):615-6.
14. Markowitz LE, Steere AC, Benach JL, et al. Lyme disease during pregnancy.
JAMA.1986; 255(24): 3394-6.
15. Mikkelsen AL, Palle C. Lyme disease during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
1987;66(5): 477-8.
16. Mylonas I. Borreliosis during pregnancy: A risk for the unborn child? Vector Borne
Zoonotic Dis. 2011;11:891-8.
17. Nadal D, Hunziker UA, Bucher HU, et al. Infants born to mothers with antibodies against
Borrelia burgdorferi at delivery. Eur J Pediatr 1989;148(5): 426-7.
18. Onk G, Acun C, Kalayci M, Cagavi F, et al. Gestational Lyme disease as a rare cause of
congenital hydrocephalus. J Turkish German Gyn Assoc Artemis. 2005; 6(2): 156-157.
19. Schlesinger PA, Duray PH, Burke BA, Steere AC, Stillman MT. Maternal-fetal
transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Ann Intern Med.
1985;103: 67-8.
20. Schutzer SE, Janniger CK, Schwartz RA. Lyme disease during pregnancy. Cutis
1991;47(4): 267-8.
21. Silver H. Lyme disease during pregnancy. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1997;11(1):93–97.
22. Stricker RB, Middelveen MJ. Sexual transmission of Lyme disease: challenging the
tickborne disease paradigm. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2015;13:1303–1306.
23. Stricker RB, Moore DH, Winger EE. Clinical and immunologic evidence of transmission
of Lyme disease through intimate human contact. J Invest Med. 2004;52: S15
24. Strobino BA, Williams CL, Abid S, et al. Lyme disease and pregnancy outcome: a
prospective study of two thousand prenatal patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 169(2
Pt 1): 367-74.
25. van Holten J, Tiems J, Jongen VH. Neonatal Borrelia duttoni infection: a report of three
cases. Trop Doct 1997;27(2): 115-6.
26. Weber K; Bratzke HJ, Neubert U, Wilske B, Duray PH. Borrelia burgdorferi in a
newborn despite oral penicillin for Lyme borreliosis during pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis
J. 1988; 7:286-9.
27. Williams CL, Strobino B, Weinstein A, et al. Maternal Lyme disease and congenital
malformations: a cord blood serosurvey in endemic and control areas. Paediatr Perinat
Epidemiol 1995;9(3): 320-30.
ILADS is grateful to Drs. Robert Bransfield, Bernt-Dieter Huismans, Steven Phillips, John Scott
and Raphael Stricker for help with compiling this list of references.
http://www.treatlyme.net/treat-lyme-book/can-lyme-be-sexually-transmitted-yes/
------------------------------------------
Research from Dr. Alan MacDonald supports the hypothesis of Lyme disease being a sexually transmitted disease. He has done an autopsy of a testicle belonging to a diseased patient with long term chronic Lyme disease suggesting that Lyme can be transmitted from male to female. See his results in the PDF below
http://norvect.no/sexual-transmission-of-lyme-disease/
1. Alekseev AN, Dubinina HV. Exchange of Borrelia burgdorferi between Ixodes...
persulcatus (Ixodidae: Acarina) sexual partners. J Med Entomol. 1996;33(3):351–354.
2. Carlomagno G, Luksa V, Candussi G, et al. Lyme Borrelia positive serology associated
with spontaneous abortion in an endemic Italian area. Acta Eur Fertil 1988;19(5), 279-81.
3. Burgess EC, Amundson TE, Davis JP, et al.: Experimental inoculation of Peromyscus
spp. with Borrelia burgdorferi: evidence of contact transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg.
1986; 35(2): 355–9.
4. Gardner T. Lyme disease. In JS Remington and JO Klein (eds.), Infectious Diseases of
the Fetus and New Born Infant. WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. 2001, pp. 519-641.
5. Harvey WT, Salvato P. ‘Lyme disease’: ancient engine of an unrecognized borreliosis
pandemic? Med Hypotheses. 2003;60(5):742-59.
6. Hercogova J, Vanousova D. Syphilis and borreliosis during pregnancy. Dermatol Ther
2008;21(3), 205-9.
7. Jasik KP, Okła H, Słodki J, Rozwadowska B, Słodki A, Rupik W. Congenital tick-borne
diseases: Is this an alternative route of transmission of tick-borne pathogens in mammals?
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015 Nov;15(11):637-44.
8. Kumi-Diaka J, Harris O. Viability of Borrelia burgdorferi in stored semen. Br Vet J. 1995
Mar-Apr;151(2):221-4.
9. Lakos A, Solymosi N. Maternal Lyme borreliosis and pregnancy outcome. Int J Infect
Dis 2010;14(6): e494-8.
10. Lavoie PE, Lattner BP, Duray PH, Barbour AG, Johnson HC. Culture positive
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Borrelia burgdorferi at delivery. Eur J Pediatr 1989;148(5): 426-7.
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congenital hydrocephalus. J Turkish German Gyn Assoc Artemis. 2005; 6(2): 156-157.
19. Schlesinger PA, Duray PH, Burke BA, Steere AC, Stillman MT. Maternal-fetal
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21. Silver H. Lyme disease during pregnancy. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1997;11(1):93–97.
22. Stricker RB, Middelveen MJ. Sexual transmission of Lyme disease: challenging the
tickborne disease paradigm. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2015;13:1303–1306.
23. Stricker RB, Moore DH, Winger EE. Clinical and immunologic evidence of transmission
of Lyme disease through intimate human contact. J Invest Med. 2004;52: S15
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25. van Holten J, Tiems J, Jongen VH. Neonatal Borrelia duttoni infection: a report of three
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ILADS is grateful to Drs. Robert Bransfield, Bernt-Dieter Huismans, Steven Phillips, John Scott
and Raphael Stricker for help with compiling this list of references.
http://www.treatlyme.net/treat-lyme-book/can-lyme-be-sexually-transmitted-yes/
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Research from Dr. Alan MacDonald supports the hypothesis of Lyme disease being a sexually transmitted disease. He has done an autopsy of a testicle belonging to a diseased patient with long term chronic Lyme disease suggesting that Lyme can be transmitted from male to female. See his results in the PDF below
http://norvect.no/sexual-transmission-of-lyme-disease/
