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niedziela, 20 listopada 2016

drogi zarazenia Borelioza.

Borelioza drogi zakażenia.
przegląd dostępnych badań naukowych, które omawiają  przenoszenie się Boreliozy.
  •  inne oprócz  kleszczy 
      Owady krwiopijne, takie jak komary, muchy, pchły, pająki  i roztocz
      transmisja przezłożyskowa
      kontakt z zakażonym moczem i innymi płynami ustrojowymi  zakażonych zwierząt
      Transmisja za pośrednictwem krwi, tkanek i przeszczepu narządów
      transmisja seksualna

 owady: komary, muchy, pchły i roztocza

Dr Steven Luger  w The New England Journal of Medicine  prezentuje przypadek, w którym pacjent został ukąszony przez dużą muchę  i  13 dni później miał objawy BORELIOZY.  Zostały one rozwiązane poprzez leczenie farmaceutyczne.
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WSZY - Bartonella:

Pittendrigh worked with John M. Clark, a professor of environmental toxicology and chemistry at the University of Massachusetts. Clark’s group infected head and body lice with Bartonella quintana, the bacterium that causes trench fever. Pittendrigh’s laboratory then looked at gene expression in each to see how the insects responded to the infection.
“Our experiments suggest that the head louse immune system is fairly effective in fighting off the bacteria that cause trench fever,” Pittendrigh said. “However, the body lice don’t seem to have as good an immune response.”

https://entomologytoday.org/2014/01/11/why-do-body-lice-spread-disease-while-head-lice-do-not/

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/imb.12077/abstract
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206-215. Niemieckie badania pacjentów z BORELIOZA. Jeden pacjent zaraził się chorobą muchy

Lyme arthritis: Clinical features, serological and radiographic findings of cases in Herzer P, Wilske B, Preac-Mursic V, G Schierz, Schattenkirchner M, & Zollner N. 1986 Klinische Wochenschrift 64:206-215

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01711648#page-1 

W dniu 10 lipca 1989 roku, podczas joggingu, bez koszuli, 42-letni mężczyzna z Old Lyme w stanie Connecticut, biegał na obszarze, w którym choroba z Lyme jest chorobą endemiczną, ugryzła go prawdopodobnie mucha jelenia lub giez. Ukąszenia były dotkliwie bolesne. Po 2 dniach obszar wokół ugryzienia spuchł. Potem opuchlizna ustąpiła a następnie wystąpił rumień wędrujący związany z boreliozą.

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199006143222415

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Francuskie badanie czterech pacjentów z Borelia. Tylko jedna została ugryziona przez kleszcza. Naukowcy sugerują, że dwoje pacjentów mogli zarazić się od komara lub muchy.

Doby JM, Chastel C, Couatarmanac’h A, Cousanca C, Chevrant-Breton J, Martin A, Legay B & Guiquen C. 1985, Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 78(4):512-525.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4075471

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Borrelia burgdorferi - zidentyfikowano u 13 gatunków roztoczy, 15 gatunków motyli i dwóch gatunków pcheł.

Pokornỳ P. 1989  Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 38(1):52-60.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2646031

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zidentyfikowano krętki Borrelia u komarów i pcheł.

Hubálek Z, Halouzka J & Juřicová Z. 1998, Folia Parasitologica 45: 67-72.

http://folia.paru.cas.cz/pdfs/fol/1998/01/11.pdf

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zidentyfikowano krętki Borrelia u komarów i pcheł

Magnarelli LA & Anderson JF. 1988
 http://jcm.asm.org/content/26/8/1482.full.pdf

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krętki Borrelia afzelii zidentyfikowano u samic komarów z rodzaju Culex, Anopheles i Aedes

Zákovská A, Capková L, Serỳ O, Halouzka J & Dendis M. 2006 Ann Agric Environ Med. 13(2):345-348.

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s150100050029#page-1

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11-2015 bylo badanie w Niemczech. Ten sam cykl. Bakteria nosiciel (kleszcz) maja komary. Mogą zarażać : Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia bavariensis i Borrelia garinii. Znaleziono zarażone komary.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26631488

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Choroba z Lyme lub borelioza z Lyme jest chorobą zakaźną przenoszoną przez wektory, wywoływaną przez krętki kompleksu Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Niektóre etapy cyklu transmisji borelialnej w kleszczach(transstadial, karmienie ) mogą potencjalnie wystąpić również u owadów, zwłaszcza u komarów. 
W niniejszym badaniu komary dorosłe i larwy zebrano w 42 różnych lokalizacjach geograficznych w całych Niemczech. 
Jest to pierwsze badanie, w którym niemieckie komary były analizowane pod kątem obecności Borrelia spp. Celowanie w dwa specyficzne geny borrelialne, kodowanie flaB i ospA dla podjednostki Bflagellina i zewnętrzna powierzchnia białka A , wyniki pokazują, że DNA Borrelia afzelii ,Borrelia bavariensis i Borrelia garinii można wykryć u dziesięciu gatunków Culicidae obejmujących cztery różne rodzaje ( Aedes , Culiseta , Culex iOchlerotatus ). 
Próbki dodatnie obejmują również dorosłe osobniki hodowane w laboratorium z larw złapanych dziko, co wskazuje, że w danej populacji komarów może wystąpić transmstadialna i / lub transowaryjna transmisja .
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Badanie w Polsce - dotyczy zarażonych komarów 2001 rok

Znaleziono zakażone komary.

http://www.aaem.pl/pdf/aaem0208.pdf
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W Niemczech  już zrobiono badania komarów. Między 0,13 i 8,33% komarów jest zakażone różnymi szczepami choroby z Lyme. Okazało się także, że bakterie Borrelia pozostały przy życiu kiedy larwy komara przekształcają się do dorosłej postaci.

Według dr Dietrich Klinghardt, jeden z czołowych autorytetów w dziedzinie chorób odkleszczowych -bakterie mogą być przenoszone przez inne owady :komary, pająki, pchły, i roztocza

 http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/10/13/under-our-skin-documentary.aspx

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pająki

http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/wellness/news/a44651/viral-tick-bite-photo/

Pajaki ,,We report a case of Lyme disease with clinical features resembling those described from brown recluse spider bites. The most striking manifestation was a necrotic skin wound. Brown recluse spider bites may be overdiagnosed in some geographic regions. Tick bite and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi should be considered in the differential diagnosis of necrotic arachnidism in regions endemic for Lyme disease. ,,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11973566
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Bakterie Borrelia w komarach - centralna Europa:

Occurrence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in different genera of mosquitoes (Culicidae) in Central Europe

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877959X15300327
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Transmission by insects such as horseflies, mosquitoes, spiders, mites, fleas:
The World Health Organisation reports: More than half the world’s population is at risk from diseases such as malaria, dengue, leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, schistosomiasis, and yellow fever, carried by mosquitoes, flies, ticks, water snails and other vectors. Every year, more than one billion people are infected and more than one million die from vector-borne diseases.  Read more…
1. According to Dr. Dietrich Klinghardt, one of the leading authorities on Lyme disease, the bacteria can also be spread by other insects, including mosquitoes, spiders, fleas, and mites:

http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/10/13/under-our-skin-documentary.aspx

Dr. Klinghardt of ILADS says that the bacterium is transmitted by mosquitoes, spiders, flies, and mites.
2. On July 10, 1989, while jogging with no shirt on, a 42-year-old man from Old Lyme, Connecticut, an area in which Lyme disease is endemic, was bothered by a large fly that he believed to be either a deerfly or a horsefly. After swatting at it unsuccessfully, he was bitten by the fly several times on the right side of the chest. The bites were acutely painful. The area around the bites was swollen for one to two days; the swelling then subsided.
This patient was bitten by a biting fly (an act he both saw and felt) and subsequently presented with Lyme disease, with erythema migrans at the site of the bite.

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199006143222415

There are many patients like the story above that can confirm that they had a bulls-eye (the famous red circle) after the bite of a gadfly.
3 Clear article:
It is not a rare disease, it is epidemic. It is not just tick-borne; it can also be transmitted by other insects, including fleas, mosquitoes and mites — and by human-to-human contact:

  http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2001/07/25/lyme-disease-part-two.aspx

4 Dr Steven Luger reported in The New England Journal of Medicine a case in which a patient was bitten by a large fly and presented 13 days later with Lyme symptoms. These were resolved via pharmaceutical treatment.
5 A German study of patients with Lyme arthritis identified evidence, through serological test for antibodies to the causative spirochete, that one patient had contracted the disease from a fly.‘Lyme arthritis: Clinical features, serological and radiographic findings of cases in Herzer P, Wilske B, Preac-Mursic V, G Schierz, Schattenkirchner M, & Zollner N. 1986, Lyme Arthritis: Clinical Features, Serological, and Radiographic Findings of Cases in Germany, Klinische Wochenschrift 64:206-215.

6 A French study of four Lyme patients ascertained that only one was bitten by a tick; the researchers suggested that two of the patients may have contracted the disease from a mosquito or biting fly. Doby JM, Chastel C, Couatarmanac’h A, Cousanca C, Chevrant-Breton J, Martin A, Legay B & Guiquen C. 1985, Etiologic and epidemiologic questions posed by erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme disease, Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 78(4):512-525.

7 Borrelia burgdorferi was identified in 13 species of mites, 15 species of flies and two species fleas. Pokornỳ P. 1989, Incidence of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in arthopods (Arthropoda) and antibodies in vertebrates (Vertebrata), Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 38(1):52-60.

8 A study identified Borrelia spirochetes in mosquitoes and fleas. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J & Juřicová Z. 1998, Investigation of haematophagous arthropods for borreliae – summarised data 1988-1996, Folia Parasitologica 45: 67-72.

9 Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes identifiedin mosquitoes and flies. Magnarelli LA & Anderson JF. 1988, Tick and biting insects infected with the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, J. Clin. Microbiol. 26(8):1482.

10 Borrelia afzelii spirochetes identified in female mosquitoes of the genus Culex, Aedes and Anopheles.Zákovská A, Capková L, Serỳ O, Halouzka J & Dendis M. 2006,Isolation of Borrelia afzelii from Overwintering Culex Pipiens Biotype Molestus Mosquitoes, Ann Agric Environ Med. 13(2):345-348. Alle onderzoeken zijn hier terug te vinden:

http://www.lymedisease.org.au/transmission/

11 Wetenschappelijke studie die aantoont dat de Borrelia-bacterie ook wordt aangetroffen in Duitse muggen:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877959X15300327

12    Forty-eight Lipoptena cervi were collected from southwestern Pennsylvania. There were 19 (39.58%) deer keds positive for Borrelia burgdorferi and 14 (29.12%) deer keds positive for Anaplasma phagocytophlyum. Out of the 48 deer ked, three (6.25%) were co-infected with the etiologic agents of Lyme disease and anaplasmosis.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jvec.12225/pdf

So no, you do not need to be bitten by a tick to get Lyme disease. A bit of a gadfly, mosquito, mite and flea occurs regularly. You can be a carrier of the bacterium without knowing it.
How sick or ill you’ll get has to do with the amount of bacteria, how long they are already present in your body / grow, how strong the immune system is, how well you’re able to detox and the amount of stress in your life.

https://www.lymeepidemie.nl/transfer-lyme-disease/?lang=en
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PhD students Anthony Martin and Graeme Brown from the Faculty of Science and Information Technology have just published research that shows lice could be a source of disease transmission.
Previous work released in 2003 detected a disease causing microbe Anaplasma platys in Brown Dog ticks and they now have isolated the same microbe in dog louse
.“Perhaps this research raises more questions than it answers,” says their supervisor, Associate Professor Tim Roberts.
“It is important to understand that if the tick and the lice carry this microbe then is it possible that other blood sucking insects such as the flea, mosquito and the mite may also carry it?”
“The next question,” says Professor Roberts,” is, if they carry the disease causing microbe, can they transmit it to the host animal and then does this have dangers for humans?”
Anaplasma platys affects blood platelets and it can be fatal in dogs.
The researchers stress that what they have discovered is in the Brown Dog tick of northern and central Australia and louse that use dogs as a host.The research is not connected with common head lice.
“We don’t have any evidence as yet that the microbe can be transmitted to humans but there is the potential for transmission of infectious agents by blood sucking insects from animals to humans,” he said.
“Insects may do this in different ways. Some are mechanical transmissions such as a blood to blood transfer and others biological, in that they must go through certain stages of their cycle within the host to affect the transfer.”
“It has been known for many years that lice were responsible for the transmission of trench fever and typhus during the first world war, but they have been seen as a nuisance in more recent times rather than potential disease carriers.”
“What this does alert us to is the necessity to carry out more research in to the area,” said Professor Roberts.
PhD Students Anthony Martin and Graeme Brown’s work has been published in Experimental Parasitology and the Australian Veterinary Journal.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03/050328182844.htm
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 transmisja przezłożyskowa

(page 16) from Gardner T. 2001, ‘Lyme disease’ in J Remington & JO Klein (eds), Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 5th edn. Philidelphia, WB Saunders; 519-641

http://www.lymedisease.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/20140129LDAAScopingStudyResponse.pdf

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indicating that Lyme could be contracted in utero is available on the LDAA website.

http://www.lymedisease.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/peer-reviewed-journal-articles-regarding-transplacental-transmission-of-lyme.pdf

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Kontakt z moczem i innymi płynami ustrojowymi od zakażonych zwierząt

An Australian study found Borrelia spirochetes in cattle, rodents, kangaroos and bandicoots. Mackerras MJ. 1959 Aust J Zool. vol. 7: 105-135.

http://www.publish.csiro.au/zo/ZO9590105
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An Australian study identified a new species of Borrelia (B. queenslandica), in the blood of rats. Carley JG & Pope JH. 1962, , Aust J Exp Biol. Vol. 40:255-262.

http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/icb.1962.29

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Borrelia antibodies were identified in 22 mammalian species, including carnivores and rodents.
Pokornỳ P. 1989,  Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 38(1):52-60

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2646031

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 Evidence of Borrelia found in systemically ill cats and dogs in the UK. Shaw SE, BInns SH, Birtles RJ, Day MJ, Smithson R & Kenny MJ. 2005,  Vet Rec Nov 19; 157(21): 645-648.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16299364%20
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Positive ELISA results for Borrelia antibodies in horses. Sorensen K, Neely DP, Grappell PM & Reed W. 1990,  Equine Vet J, 10(3): 166-168.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073708060680153X

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Transmisja Borrelii teoretycznie może wystąpić w wyniku narażenia na działanie moczu, krwi, nasienia, siary lub płynu stawowego.

Live Borrelia burgdorferi was isolated in the blood and urine of white-footed mice. The authors reported that "Spirochetes remained viable for 18-24 hours in urine." Bosler EM & Schulze TL. 1986, Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikroboil Hyg A., Dec; 263(1-2): 40-44.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3577491
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Borrelia burgdorferi was isolated in the blood of a dog three and four weeks post infection. Cerri D, Farina R, Andreani E, Nuvoloni R, Pedrini A & Cardini G. 1994, Borrelia burgdorferi, Res Vet Sci, 57(2): 256-258.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7817018
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Horse and cow blood, cow colostrums, cow urine and cow synovial fluids found to be Borrelia burgdorferi culture positive. Burgess EC. 1998, , Ann N Y Acad Sci, 539:235-243.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3190095

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  • Limited screening of imported livestock through quarantine process (Pages 5-6).
  • Screening process in interstate transport of livestock is not always adequate (Page 6).
  • Potential for Borrelia to survive in imported frozen semen and ova (P 9-10). Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes were found to have a mean viability of 90%+ after being frozen at minus-196 Celsius for 12 weeks. ‘Viability of Borrelia burgdorferi in Stored Semen’, Kumi-Diaka, J. and Harris, O, (1995) British Veterinary Journal, Mar/Apr 1995. v. 151 (2)
  • Lack of facilities in Australia to test livestock suspected of infection with Lyme disease (Page 11).


    •  http://www.lymedisease.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/WALAScopingStudySubmission.pdf

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    An extensive collection of research regarding the role birds in the transmission cycle of Lyme disease has been compiled on the website of Australian researcher (and Lyme patient), Karen Smith.

     http://www.lymeaustralia.com/birds-as-vector--reservoir-hosts-including-examination-of-iuriae-seabird--iauritulus-bird-ticks.html

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    Transmisja za pośrednictwem krwi, tkanek i przeszczepu narządów

    The LDAA has repeatedly raised concerns about the

    http://www.donateblood.com.au/faq/the-donation-process/what-tests-do-the-blood-service-perform-on-donated-blood%20

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    At this time, public safety relies on voluntary ,,opting out,, of blood and organ donation programs by those who are aware they are infected with Lyme disease and co-infections. This is of major concern, given the number of people in the Australian population likely to be undiagnosed with these infections.

    http://www.redcross.org/#lyme%20

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    The LDAA again raised the concerns    (pages 39-40) in relation to public risk through blood transfusions.

    http://www.lymedisease.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/20140129LDAAScopingStudyResponse.pdf

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    http://www.lymedisease.org.au/part-2-lyme-politics/#wants

    The LDAA's Patient-Focused Action Plan, appended to the Scoping Study Response, called for:
    • Screening of blood for Borrelia, Babesia, and other known co-infections.
    • Notification to organ donors to withdraw from program after suspected tick bites.
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    US studies have found Borrelia “may survive storage under blood banking conditions and that transfusion-related Lyme disease is theoretically possible”
    Nadelman RB, Sherer C, Mack L, Pavia CS & Wormser GP. 1990, Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in human blood stored under blood banking conditions , Transfusion, 30(4):298-301.

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2349627

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    Transfusion recipients (136) contracted Babesiosis (potentially fatal, Lyme disease co-infection) via the donated blood supply.  Herwaldt BL, Linden JV, Bossernman E, Young C, Olkowska D & Wilson M. 2011, Transfusion-associated Babesiosis in the United States: a description of cases, Annals of internal medicine, 155(8):509-519

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    An article raising concerns about the transfusion-based transfusion was published.

    Leiby DA. 2011, Transfusion-associated babesiosis: shouldn't we be ticked off? Annals of internal medicine 155(8), 556-557.

    http://annals.org/aim/article/475003/transfusion-associated-babesiosis-shouldn-t-we-ticked-off

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    transmisja seksualna

    Wg wielu publikacji, poza ukłuciem kleszcza, możliwe są jeszcze następujące drogi zakażenia:
    -seksualna
    -wrodzona czyli z matki na poczęte dziecko
    -drogą transfuzji
    -poprzez karmienie piersią
    Naukowcy nie są jednak zgodni, czy są to pewne drogi szerzenia się boreliozy. I tak np. krętki boreliozy znajdowano w spermie czy pępowinie
    dr.Kurkiewicz
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    Recent study suggests that Lyme disease can be sexually transmitted

    https://www.lymedisease.org/lyme-sexual-transmission-2/

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    A 2001 study found that sexual partners of Lyme patients were likely to carry Borrelia themselves. Bach G. 2001 April, ‘Recovery of Lyme spirochetes by PCR in semen samples of previously diagnosed Lyme disease patients’, International Scientific Conference on Lyme disease.

    http://www.anapsid.org/lyme/bach.html

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    Lyme spirochetes recovered in semen of Lyme positive patients
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    The presence of the Lyme spirochete in genital secretions and identical strains in married couples strongly suggests that sexual transmission of the disease occurs
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    Lyme transmitted through sexual contact and from mother to child congenitally

    https://player.vimeo.com/video/37137701
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    Laboratory studies confirm the existence of Lyme spirochetes in semen/vaginal secretions.
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    Video newscast Lyme can be sexually transmitted
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    http://safersex.education/can-lyme-disease-be-sexually-transmitted/

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    http://www.livingwithlyme.com/images/Lyme_Disease_The_Unknown_Epidemic.pdf

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    If Lyme disease is sexually transmitted, what are the implications for the general population? An editorial published online on August 21, 2015, in the prominent infectious disease journal Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy explores what happens if Lyme disease morphs from a tickborne illness into a sexually transmitted disease

    http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1586/14787210.2015.1081056

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    The authors point out that contact and/or sexual transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi was demonstrated in mouse and dog models more than 25 years ago. Around the same time, sexual transmission of the Lyme spirochete was demonstrated by Russian researchers in ticks that transmit the disease to humans. Those studies have never been repeated.

    http://www.prohealth.com/library/showarticle.cfm?libid=21170

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    The study — presented at the annual Western Regional Meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research — a collaborative effort by an international team of scientists — tested semen samples and vaginal secretions of three groups of patients to investigate whether passing Lyme disease to a partner through unprotected sex is a possibility. The study observed control subjects without evidence of Lyme disease, random subjects who tested positive for Lyme disease, and married heterosexual couples engaging in unprotected sex who tested positive for the disease. The presence of B. burgdorferi and identical strains of the bacterium were of particular interest to the researchers in unprotected sex in spouses.
    The control subjects were found to test negative for the bacterium in semen samples or vaginal secretions, as expected by the researchers. The researchers found traces of B. burgdorferi in the vaginal secretions of all women with Lyme disease. In contrast, approximately half of the men with the disease tested positive for the bacterium in semen samples. In addition, one of the heterosexual couples with Lyme disease were found to have identical strains of the bacterium in their genital secretions

    http://www.collective-evolution.com/2015/04/16/lyme-disease-the-cdcs-greatest-coverup-what-they-dont-want-you-to-know/

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    Abstract

    Lyme disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi has become a major worldwide epidemic. In this article, we explore the clinical, epidemiological and experimental evidence for sexual transmission of Lyme disease in animal models and humans. Although the likelihood of sexual transmission of the Lyme spirochete remains speculative, the possibility of Lyme disease transmission via intimate human contact merits further study

    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26489537

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    A new study suggests that Lyme disease may be sexually transmitted. The study was presented at the annual Western Regional Meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research, and an abstract of the research was published in the January issue of the Journal of Investigative Medicine.
    Lyme disease is a tickborne infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a type of corkscrew-shaped bacteria known as a spirochete (pronounced spiro’keet). The Lyme spirochete resembles the agent of syphilis, long recognized as the epitome of sexually transmitted diseases. Last summer the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that Lyme disease is much more common than previously thought, with over 300,000 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States. That makes Lyme disease almost twice as common as breast cancer and six times more common than HIV/AIDS.
    “Our findings will change the way Lyme disease is viewed by doctors and patients,” said Marianne Middelveen, lead author of the study presented in Carmel. “It explains why the disease is more common than one would think if only ticks were involved in transmission.”

    Reference: http://journals.lww.com/jinvestigativemed/Citation/2014/01000/Western_Regional_Meeting_Abstracts.18.aspx
    The Journal of Investigative Medicine 2014;62:280-281
    Presented at the Western Regional Meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research, Carmel, CA, January 25, 2014.
    http://afmr.org/Western/
    Additional information: officemanager(at)usmamed(dot)com

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    http://www.treatlyme.net/treat-lyme-book/can-lyme-be-sexually-transmitted-yes

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    Newly published research provides evidence that Borrelia burgdorferi may be transmissible through both vaginal secretions and seminal fluid, again suggesting sexual transmission.
    Middelveen, MJ, Bandoski, C, Burke J, Sapi E, Mayne PJ, Stricker RB, 2104, ‘Isolation and Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi from Human Vaginal and Seminal Secretions’, Presented at the Western Regional Meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research, Carmel, CA, January 25, 2014.
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    In an interview regarding this research, Australia’s Dr Peter Mayne said, “...the presence of the Lyme spirochete in genital secretions and identical strains in married couples strongly suggests that sexual transmission of the disease occurs

    http://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/01/prweb11506441.htm

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    Na podstawie :

    http://www.lymedisease.org.au/references/#transmission
    http://www.lymedisease.org.au/transmission/www.lymedisease.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/20140129LDAAScopingStudyResponse.pdf

    https://desishiba.wordpress.com/2015/02/11/overdracht-van-de-ziekte-van-lyme/

    http://www.lymedisease.org.au/transmission/

    http://boreliozaabc.blogspot.nl/2016/03/borelioza-moze-byc-przenoszona-droga.html



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